The 'Sinoe' Case
* Overseas Transportation Company v. Mineralimportexport(Q.B. Com Ct.)) [1971] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 514; (C.A.) [1972] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 201.
2007³â 4¿ù 17ÀÏ
½É»óµµ
* °³·« ¹× ÀïÁ¡
¤· Discharge of vessel delayed by stevedores'
incompetence
¤· Cesser clause giving
shipowners lien on cargo for demurrage
¤· Whether stevedores were shipowners'
servant
¤· Whether charterers
excused from liability for demurrage
1. »ç½Ç°ü°è
¼±ÁÖ´Â SS."Sinoe"¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿©, Constantza, Romania/Chittagong,
Bangladesh°£ ½Ã¸àÆ®(in bag)À» ¿î¼ÛÇÏ´Â Ç×ÇØ¿ë¼±°è¾à(Gencon¾ç½Ä)À»
ü°áÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ç·úÇ×(Chittagong)¿¡¼
ÇÏ¿ªÀκεéÀÇ ´À¸° ÀÛ¾÷°ú ¹Ì¼÷À¸·Î Çã¿ëÁ¤¹Ú±â°£ÀÌ Ãʰú(ü¼±·á
¹ß»ý)µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼±ÁÖÀÇ °è¾à»ó(Á¦27Á¶) À¯Ä¡±Ç Çà»ç´Â
¹ýÀû ¹× Çö½ÇÀû ¹®Á¦·Î Çà»çµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼
2. °ü·Ã °è¾à±ÔÁ¤
¤· Á¦7Á¶ : Demurrage at the rate of GBP300
per day or pro rata for any part of a day, at ports of loading and discharging
~.
¤· Á¦23Á¶ : Stevedores to be employed by Charterers in loading and by Shippers in discharging who
shall be considered as Owners servants and subject to the orders and direction
of the Master. Charterers not to be responsible for
any negligence default or error in judgment or Stevedores employed ~.
¤· Á¦25Á¶ : In case of claim for damage to the
vessel done during the loading and/or discharging each claim has to be
presented in writing by the Master immediately after damage sustained, failing which
Shippers are not responsible. With a view to establishing damage, if any,
solely attributable to the operation of loading and discharging, fair wear and
tear excepted, Charterers' agents to be immediately
notified by the vessel as the time of occurrence and such damage is to be
agreed by each party ~.
¤· Á¦26Á¶ : Demurrage ~ at loading port to be
settled directly between ~ Owners and Receivers.
¤· Á¦27Á¶ : Charterers'
liability shall cease as soon as the cargo is on board Owenrs
having an absolute lien on the cargo for freight, dead freight, demurrage and
average(Cesser Clause).
¤· Á¦32Á¶ : ~ Charterers
to remain ultimately responsible for freight, deaf freight and demurrage at
loading port.
3. ´ç»çÀÚ ÁÖÀå
°¡. ¼±ÁÖÃø û±¸
(1) ü¼±·á Áö±Þ(¶Ç´Â)
(2) ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎÀÇ °í¿ë(engagement)¿Í »ç¿ë(employment)°ú °ü·Ã °è¾àÀ§¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Áö¿¬¼ÕÇØ¹è»ó±Ý(Damages
for Detention)
³ª. ¿ë¼±ÀÚÃø Ç׺¯
(1) ȹ°ÀÌ ¼±Àû ÈÄ ¼±Áִ ü¼±·á¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© À¯Ä¡±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Á¦27Á¶¿¡ ÀǰÅ
(2) Á¦26Á¶ ¹× Á¦32Á¶¿¡
ÀǰÅ,
(3) ¼±¹ÚÁö¿¬ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎÀÇ ÀÛÀ§(acts)¿Í ºÎÀÛÀ§(omissions)À̸ç, Á¦23Á¶¿¡ ÀǰŠÇÏ¿ªÀκδ ¼±ÁÖÀÇ
4. ¿µ±¹ ¹ý¿ø ÆÇ°á
°¡. Á¦1½É ÆÇ°á(Donaldson, J)
(1) Á¦27Á¶ À¯È¿¼º(Cesser clause) ºÎÀÎ
Á¦27Á¶´Â ¼±ÁÖ°¡
ȹ°¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© À¯È¿ÇÑ À¯Ä¡±ÇÀ» º¸À¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡¸¸ È¿·ÂÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, º»°Ç¿¡ À־ ±×·¸Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇϹǷΠÁ¦27Á¶¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ ¿ë¼±ÀÚÃø Ç׺¯Àº ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
(2) Á¦26Á¶ ¹× Á¦32Á¶·Î
ÀÎÇÑ ¿ë¼±ÀÚÃø ¸éÃ¥ ºÒ°¡
¾ç·úÇ× Ã¼¼±·á´Â ¼±ÁÖÀÇ À¯Ä¡±ÇÇà»ç¸¦ °í·Á(¿°·Á)ÇÑ Á¦3ÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
ÇØ°á(settlement)µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °è¾à´ç»çÀÚ°£ ±â´ë(expectation)¸¦
³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ½ÇÁ¦ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇØ°áÀº ¾ø¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, Á¦26Á¶ ¹× Á¦32Á¶¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿©
(3) °è¾à»ó Ã¥ÀӺδ㠺ҸíÈ®¼º(obiter)
¿ë¼±ÀÚ°¡ ü¼±·á¸¦
ÁöºÒÇÑ´Ù´Â Prima FacieÃ¥ÀÓÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î, ¿ë¼±°è¾à¼¿¡¼´Â
¼±ÁÖ°¡ ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎÀÇ °ú½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áø´Ù°í ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.
(4) Á¦27Á¶»ó ¼±ÁÖÀÇ Ã¼¼±·á
û±¸±Ç ¹èÁ¦ ºÎÀÎ
Á¦27Á¶´Â ¼±ÁÖÀÇ
ü¼±·á û±¸±ÇÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡, Á¦27Á¶°¡ Áö¿¬¼ÕÇØ¹è»óû±¸±ÇÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ´Â °í·ÁÇÒ Çʿ伺 Á¶Â÷ ¾ø´Ù(Áï, ´ç¿¬È÷ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ´Ù).
³ª. Á¦2½É(Ç×¼Ò½É) ÆÇ°á(Lord Denning, M.R., Megaw
& Stephenson, L.JJ)
(1) Cesser Clause À¯È¿¼º ºÎÀÎ
Á¦27Á¶°¡ À¯È¿Çϱâ
À§Çؼ´Â ¼±ÁÖÀÇ À¯Ä¡±Ç Çà»ç°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ¿©¾ß Çϳª, º»°Ç¿¡¼´Â ±×·¯ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î, ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ Ã¼¼±·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀº ¸éÁ¦µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
(2) ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ ÇÏ¿ªÀκΠºÎÀû°Ý(Incompetence)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ(obiter)
Á¦23Á¶´Â ±×
³»¿ëÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ ¸ðÈ£ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼³»ç º» ±ÔÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÇÏ¿ªÀκΰ¡ ¼±ÁÖÀÇ
5. °Ë Åä
°¡. Cesser ClauseÀÇ À¯È¿¼º
(1) ÇØ¼®»ó ¾î·Á¿ò
Á¾Á¾ Ç×ÇØ¿ë¼±°è¾à¼»ó
(2) ¼±ÁÖÀÇ À¯È¿ÇÑ À¯Ä¡±Ç Çà»ç Á¶°ÇºÎ À¯È¿¼º ÀÎÁ¤
º»°Ç¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼,
Áï, ¼±ÁÖ°¡ ȹ°¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© À¯Ä¡±ÇÀ» Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½¿¡µµ ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¸éÁ¦ÇÏ¿© Áشٸé
(3) ¼±ÁÖÀÇ È¹°À¯Ä¡±Ç Çà»çÀÇ Çö½ÇÀû °ï¶õ¼º
º» ±ÔÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼±ÁÖÀÇ À¯Ä¡±ÇÀº À̸¥¹Ù °è¾à»ó À¯Ä¡±Ç(Contractual Lien)À¸·Î¼ ±× À¯Ä¡±ÇÀÇ ¹üÀ§´Â °è¾à°ü°è°¡ ÀÖ´Â »ó´ë¹æ, Áï
(4) ¼Ò°á
µû¶ó¼, À̸¥¹Ù Cessser Clause´Â ±× ÇØ¼®»ó ¹× À¯È¿¼º¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Çö½Ç¼ºÀÌ
¸¹ÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö¹Ç·Î, ½ÇÁ¦ ¿ë¼±°è¾à½Ã º» ±ÔÁ¤Àº °Ô¾à¼»ó »ðÀÔÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼±ÁÖ¿¡°Ô À¯¸®Çϸç, ³ª¾Æ°¡ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ
ºÐÀïÀ» ¹æÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ ¿ë¼±ÀÚÃø¿¡µµ ±Ã±ÝÀûÀ¸·Î µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜµÈ´Ù.
³ª.
(1) Á¦23Á¶ÀÇ ¸ðÈ£¼º
Á¦23Á¶ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº
ÇÏ¿ªÀκθ¦ ¼±ÁÖÀÇ
º» Á¶¹®»ó Ã¥ÀÓ(responsible)À̶õ
´Ü¾îÀÇ ¶æÀÌ Ã¼¼±·á µîÀ¸·Î È®´ëÇØ¼® µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ÃëÁö·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¸ç,
¾ç´ç»çÀÚ´Â ¸·¿¬ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ µîÀÇ ¿ë¾îº¸´Ù´Â º¸´Ù ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©¾ß ±× ³»¿ë»ó ÇØ¼® ºÐÀïÀ» ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
(2) ½ÇÁ¦ ÇÏ¿ªÀκΠ¼ö¹èÀÚ(
¼³»ç ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¿ë¼±°è¾à»ó ±× Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ¼±ÁÖÃø¿¡ ÀÖ´ÙÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ë¼±ÀÚ°¡
¼ö¹èÇÑ ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎÀÇ ºÎÀû°Ý¼º(incompetence)¿¡
´ëÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ±îÁö ºÎ´ãÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ÆÇ°áÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ¿ë¼±°è¾à»ó
¿ë¼±ÀÚ°¡ ¼ö¹èÇÑ ÇÏ¿ªÀκΰ¡ ¼±ÁÖÀÇ
¼±ÁÖÀÇ Áö½Ã°¨µ¶»óÀÇ ÇÏÀÚ·Î ¹ß»ýµÈ ÇÏ¿ªÀκΠ°ü·Ã ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â
°è¾à»ó ¼±ÁÖ°¡ ±× Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ºÎ´ãÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÇÏ¿ªÀκΠÀÚüÀÇ Àû°Ý¼º
¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â, ½ÇÁ¦ ±× ¼±ÅñÇÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼±ÁÖ°¡,
(3) ¼Ò°á
Á¦23Á¶ ¹®¾ð
ÀÚüÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº, ¼±ÁÖ°¡ ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎÀÇ °í¿ëÀÎ ÁöÀ§¸¦ °®°í,
6. °á·Ð
Cesser Clause´Â ±×
³»¿ë»ó ¼±ÁÖ¿Í ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ ±Ç¸®, ¸éÃ¥ ³»¿ëÀÌ ÇüÆò¼ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù,
Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±ÁÖÀÇ ±Ç¸®°¡ ´ãº¸µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â »óȲ¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ ¸éÃ¥±Çµµ ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ¿ë¼±ÀÚ°¡ ¼ö¹èÇÏ°í ¼±ÁÖ°¡ °è¾à»ó Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áö°ÔµÇ´Â ÇÏ¿ªÀκο¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©µµ ¸¶Ä¡ ¼±¹ÚÀÇ °¨Ç×¼º°ú °°ÀÌ ÇÏ¿ªÀκÎ
ÀÚüÀÇ ºÎÀû°Ý¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©´Â ¼±ÁÖÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±× ¼ö¹èÇÑ ¿ë¼±ÀÚÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ Áö±ØÈ÷ ÇüÆò¿¡
¸Â´Â »çÇ×À̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
º» ÆÇ·Ê¿¡ ÅÍÀâ¾Æº¸¸é, ¿ë¼±°è¾à¼»ó
±× ¼ö¹èÀÚ¿Í ±× Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ »óÀÌÇÑ ÇÏ¿ªÀκΠ¹× ¼±¹Ú´ë¸®Á¡(